Ethics of Rendition Essay

This study begins by stating that nulla poena sine lege, meaning that no person may be punished except in accordance with the law. In every instance, there must be a law governing and prescribing punishment. Further to that non omne quod licet honestum est, meaning that not everything that is permissible or even lawful is honest or honorable. There are limitations in respect of this maxim. Finally, it would also like to state that apices juris non sunt jura or non congruit de apicibus juris disputare, meaning that legal principles must not be carried to their most extreme consequences, regardless of equity and good sense. This study deems it fit to address the issue of rendition within the three maxims mentioned there above. It is worth while to note that rendition is not only a legal issue but also an ethical issue, so to speak. Therefore this study will take into consideration several ethical theories to enrich the theoretical perspective of this study. The section on findings and discussion will give a critical synthesis between law and morality discussed in this study. This will also be the part where this study will give its own stance regarding ethics of rendition. Research Questions Q. To what extent can rendition be justified? Q. Is it justifiable in law and in morality? Literature Review This section will explore in depth the notion of rendition and its impact on contemporary society. It will look at how different governments feel about it especially in the United States. Rendition is defined as the act of shifting a person from one nation to another for imprisonment and interrogation through the use of torture, which would not be permissible if they remained in a certain country. Extraordinary rendition involves the transportation of suspected foreign terrorists or other persons suspected of crimes, to other countries for interrogation and imprisonment. Looking at the above definition one can already dismiss the rationale of rendition off-hand. Just before even getting to the aspect of torture in it, why would a government take advantage of another country’s laws? Why is it hard for such a government to enact laws friendly to rendition in their own country? There are so many other queries that need to be addressed here. It is believed that the aim of extraordinary rendition is to make suspects provide intelligence information by torturing them. These suspects are either sent to facilities sponsored by the US government or can be left in the hands of foreign governments. As mentioned earlier, suspects are transported to countries whose laws do not prohibit torture and abusive treatment. In this regard, extraordinary rendition allows acts of torture towards detained suspects notwithstanding the fact that torture is an offence, at least, under international law no matter the cost. This practice is believed to have begun back in 1990s but gained its momentum following the September 9/11 attacks on US. It is also believed that this policy re-appeared during the reign of Bill Clinton although it grew in strength during the reign of George Bush. It is estimated that 150 foreign nationals have been victims of torture as a result of rendition in the last few years alone. In most cases this foreign nationals have purportedly been suspected for terrorist acts. After their transportation, detention and interrogation takes place in countries like Jordan, Egypt, Diego Garcia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Egypt and Guantanamo. Robert Baer, the former CIA agent, is on record for having said that if one wants a serious interrogation then the culprit should be sent to Jordan. If the aim is to torture them then the best place would be Syria and if the aim is to make a victim disappear and never to be seen again, then the best place would be Egypt. There are allegations that US intelligence agencies have sent terror suspects for interrogation by security officials in different countries. By so doing, they put them in a situation where they cannot be protected by the American Law. Some persons confess that they were flown to countries like Syria and Egypt by CIA agencies where they were tortured. The US government and its intelligence agencies believe that their operations are legally justified. Even though US officials agree that terror suspects have been transported to other countries for interrogation, they vehemently deny that acts of torture take place when they get there. The former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice is on record for having said that all American interrogators act within the UN Convention on Torture. She went further to state that they adhere to this Convention while exercising their duties in US or in another country. There are several documents that detail human rights legislation, for instance: (a)Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions (b) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) (c) United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) and (d) US Constitution. Surprising enough is that US government is a signatory of each of these treatises. This study believes that by the fact that United States identifies with the principles in each of these documents it should be the first nation to safeguard victims against acts of torture. Nonetheless, the impression is that US promotes extraordinary rendition in the name of war on terror. Then why would one not accuse US government of hypocrisy or cynical relativism in terms of its commitment to human rights and civil rights laws? Moreover, the fact that US are a signatory to the abovementioned documents it needs to terminate programs that violate human dignity. The Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions The Geneva Convention set the standards for international law as far as humanitarian issues are concerned. Its central concern was the treatment of civilians as well as prisoners of war. Its principles safeguard against human rights violations and establish universally acceptable standards and approaches relating to detained victims in times of war. The Convention forbids any form of physical or mental torture or any other kind of coercion towards suspects in a bid to gather information from them. It further states that even if the prisoners fail to open up during the interrogation process they should not be intimidated or abused or maltreated for that matter. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The fifth article in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that â€Å"no person shall be put to torturous acts or inhuman treatment or punishment†. Apart from providing an injunction against torture it further restricts the utilization of â€Å"degrading treatment or punishment†. In the sixth article, it states that every person has a right to recognition before the law no matter where the person is or could be. The eighth article invalidates the CIA’s practice of â€Å"extraordinary rendition†. This article states as follows: â€Å"Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law†. This study believes that whenever prisoners are transported to other countries chances that this protocol will be observed are quite minimal. The ninth article prohibits the arrest of persons with no proper justification, including detention or exile. This provision prevents United States from carrying out extraordinary rendition activities. The tenth article essentially invokes what in Latin can be termed as habeas corpus which literally means that one may have the body. It is a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge so that the court may ascertain whether his detention is lawful or not. United Nations Convention against Torture This convention has an international scope on human rights protection. This Convention is greatly endorsed by the United Nations and its observance is extremely mandatory for all the member states who are signatory to it. As mentioned earlier, United States is a signatory of this document so it has no option but to adhere to its provisions. This Convention states that all signatories should create appropriate measures to safeguard against torturous acts within their territories and prohibits countries from transferring persons to other countries so that they might torture them. Article two states that every state ought to exercise appropriate legislative measures, administration and judicial measures to fight any elements of torture under its jurisdiction. It further states that under no circumstances can torture be justified. The circumstances could be a state of war or a threat of war or public emergency. It also does not matter whether such orders come from the top officers, torture remains unjustified. In article three it states that no person may be transported to another state to be interrogated or tortured simply because that country’s laws allow it. The Constitution of the United States It is quite impressive to discover that the practice of extraordinary rendition is not only prohibited as seen in the three Conventions discussed above, but the US constitution is against it as well. The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments are a clear indication that US holds a no-policy towards extraordinary rendition. These amendments prohibit arbitrary search and seizure of individual and/or property; it also invokes the right to due process of law, as in, the concept of habeas corpus mentioned above. In this light, US government contradicts the spirit of its constitution whenever they indulge in extraordinary rendition. Deontology versus Utilitarianism Deontological moral theory is also a Non-Consequentialist moral theory. While consequentialists believe that the end always justify the means, deontologists assert that the rightness of an action is not simply qualified by maximizing the good alone, it must be that the action fulfils what is considered moral. It is the inherent nature of the act alone that determines its ethical standing. Or better still, utilinitarianism believe that one should always exploit the good in his/her actions while deontologism believes that it is not the pursuit of the good but it is the moral worthiness in the act. Virtue Ethics is not much concerned with rules, consequences and specific acts but it puts more emphasis on the subject of the actions. In other words, it is interested with the person who is responsible for acting. It holds that acting in accordance with given rules; or analyzing the good outcome of the actions is not what should only count. The most primary thing is whether the subject of the actions, in this case the individual, exhibits elements of good character or moral virtues or not. Unlike utilitarianism which is concerned with the maximization of the good in performing a given act, virtue ethics instead, focuses on the moral quality exhibited by the agent of the actions. Therefore, the dictum that the end justifies the means has no place in virtue ethics. On the other hand, deontologism is somehow a normative approach to ethics which typically evaluates the actions of an individual in relation to moral standards in the objective order. Both utilitarianism and deontology focus on the actions of the agent contrary to virtue ethics which is a complete turn to the subject that is acting. Findings and Discussion Throughout this study it can be seen that there is no where that extraordinary rendition has been justified. The reader taking part in this study can clearly ascertain that rendition has no place either in law or in morality. Furthermore, it cannot be justified no matter the circumstance. This study however believes that persons who destabilize peace and stability should be dealt with accordingly. In any way, they should be eliminated in the society. Looking at the intention of extraordinary rendition, it stands justified in that it serves as a deterrent kind of punishment. Literally, it makes the culprits pay for the wrongs they have committed. In the contemporary society crime cannot be something that anybody will brush under the carpet, it is important that preventive measures be put in place. The Conventions discussed in this study clearly indicate that extraordinary rendition is an offence in law. Now, the problem is that this study does not understand to what extent each of these Conventions applies. It was stated very clearly that signatories to these Conventions are bound by them; so do these same Conventions apply to countries like Syria, Jordan or Egypt which are clearly the preferred destinations for acts of interrogation and torture. This study cannot fail to mention that most countries, or instance, Syria or Egypt are sovereign and with authentic constitutions. Could it be that their constitutions allow extraordinary renditions? Or is it that their laws do not care about such practices? This means that a country need not legalize torture but the fact that its laws say nothing about acts of rendition it becomes a reason to practice them. From a utilitarian ethical viewpoint, the end qualifies the means so long as the acts brings desirable end. This means that utilitarianism supports extraordinary rendition insofar as it will eliminate same crime occurring in the future. On the contrary, deontological ethical viewpoint believes that what should be investigated is the act itself not the consequences. As such, torture is immoral whether a nation recognizes it in law or not. This study confidently declares torture an immoral thing and something that should not be used as a form of punishment. Finally, this study would like to reiterate that the contemporary world needs to enact stiff measures to ensure that all criminals have been completely wiped out. No person should disturb another person’s peace. It also believes that due process of law is the best way to deal with criminals. Imprisonment in itself is maximum punishment since it denies such criminals opportunities for further commitment of crime. Conclusion This study has explored the meaning of extraordinary rendition and its implications. So far, there is no where in this study has it been justified. Much of its practice has been adopted by the United States government in its war on terror. From the Conventions it is clear that the practice of torturous acts remains entirely prohibited no matter the cost. It has also been indicated that the major proponents of extraordinary rendition, the United States for this matter, prohibit such practice in their constitution. This study has also highlighted two ethical standpoints namely deontologism and utilitarianism. Inasmuch as utilitarianism justifies the means due to the perceived good it does not offer any justification for extraordinary rendition. So, human dignity should be upheld at all times. This study invites persons with malicious intentions to reconsider their attitudes and evade practices that would make them be treated inhumanly. Bibliography Alfred W. McCoy, (2006). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York, Metropolitan Books) p. 60. Craig R. Ducat, (2000). Constitutional Interpretation: Rights of the Individual, Vol. II (Belmont, Wadswoth/Thomson Learning), E33. 18 Garret T. (2005). Virtue Theory. London International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law – Third 1949 Geneva Convention. http://www. icrc. org/ihl. nsf/FULL/375? OpenDocument> Jeremy Brecher et al. (2005). eds. , In the Name of Democracy: American War Crimes in Iraq and Beyond, (New York, Metropolitan Books) p. 304-5. Korsgaard, Christine M. (2003). Punishment & Legality: Extraordinary Rendition. New York: Cambridge University Noam Chomsky, (1999). The Umbrella of U. S. Power: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Contradictions of U. S. Policy (New York, Seven Stories Press) p. 71. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, http://www2. ohchr. org/english/law/cat. htm> Schumpeter J. (2006). The Understanding of Deontology Moral Theory. Oxford University Press Stephen Grey, (2007). Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Rendition and Torture Program. New York.

Forgive my Guilt Essay

Who was the poet who wrote the poem â€Å"Forgive my Guilt†? Well the poet who wrote the poem â€Å"Forgive my Guilt† was the American poet Robert P. Tristram Coffin. Robert was born on March 18, 1892 at Brunswick, Maine. Robert won the Pulitzer Prize for his poem â€Å"Strange Holiness† in 1936. His poems were based on New England farm and his voyage life. His poems were committed to cheerful acts for the world. Sadly Robert died on January 20, 1955 at Portland, Maine. In the poem â€Å"Forgive my Guilt† the poet uses rhyme, imagery and simile to make us understand and visualize the poem better. The speaker in this poem is the author. The author is talking about his summer when he was younger. He uses simile in the quote â€Å"They cried out like two sorrowful high flutes† meaning that the two birds cried sound like an out of tune flute that sounds horrible. He uses imagery because it helps me picture that two birds have been injured, by telling us that he had a pellet gun and shot the poor birds. The poem starts by saying â€Å"Not always sure what things called sins may be, I am sure of one sin I have done It was years ago, and I was a boy. In this sentence the author is admitting that he have done a sin when he was younger. A sin is when you have done the wrong action, a regrettable action. It continues to say â€Å"I lay in the frostflowers with a gun† he is started to say that he was lying on the ground filled with frostflowers. Then it says â€Å"The air ran blue as the flowers, I held my breath† when he said the air ran blue he reflects the sky. Then it says â€Å"Two birds on golden legs slim as dream things† he is making us visualize by telling us that the sun was reflecting the birds legs. Then it says â€Å"Ran like quicksilver on the golden sand† when he said this he meant that he was running on the beach. Then it says â€Å"My gun went off, they ran with broken wings† he said that he fired his gun and shot a bird and that bird was trying to fly with a broken wing. Then it continues to says â€Å"Into the sea, I ran to fetch them in, But they swam with their heads high out to sea,† he said that he knew that he shot a bird so he ran towards to see if the birds were fine but the birds swam away toward the sea. Then it continues to say â€Å"They cried like two sorrowful high flutes, with jagged ivory bones where wings should be† when he said that â€Å"they cried like sorrowful high flute† he meant that their cries sounded like an out of tune flute, which sounds horrible and then when it says â€Å"with jagged ivory bones where wings should be† he is telling us since he shot the birds, he left the birds wounds. Then it continues to say â€Å"For days I heard them when I walked that headland Crying out to their kind in the blue† he tells us that he went back to see the birds and saw that the birds were telling something to their herd. Headland is when your near a fence or border. Then it says â€Å"The other plovers were going over south on silver wings leaving these broken two† he said that the plovers sadly left the two birds and headed south without them. Then it says â€Å"The cries went out one day but I still hear them Over all the sound of sorrow in war or peace I ever heard, time cannot drown them. † He said that the cries of the birds followed him everywhere he goes not matter what he was doing he still heard their cries. Then it ends by saying â€Å"Those slender flutes of sorrow never cease. Two airy things forever denied the air! I never knew how their lives at last were split, But I have hoped for years all that is wild, Airy, and beautiful will forgive my guilt. † The author is telling us that the cries never stopped, he has heard their cries for many years, he is saying that he is sorry for the sin he has done and finally apologize for the guilt he has committed when he was younger. The poem is telling us to think before we commit something because you never know that the actions you decide might haunt you forever. It also says to always think twice because when you decide to do something and do it, you might regret it because you can’t go back in time and change your actions. This poem brings a good message to me. It helped me realize that I have to always think twice because I might regret doing something and if I don’t think twice the action I committed my haunt my life forever. Knowing this I will always think twice before I do something. When you read this analysis hopefully this poem brought you a lesson, a lesson in which tells you to always think twice before you commit something you’ll regret throughout your life!

The Commercial Growth of the Live Music Events Industry

The commercial growth of the live music events industry â€Å"Live music events have grown into global events, give five reasons as to what has driven their commercial growth and success† By Anjes Kuypers LT1059 The Service Sector Industries Module Tutor: Abu Naser Word Count: 1499 Introduction In the past few decades there have been many developments in the live music events industry, which have led to live music events growing to be global events. (Goldblatt, J. 2002) There are several reasons for this development in the music events industry, many of them closely connected to developments in other sectors that influence the business of live music events. In this essay we will discuss the commercial, social, legal, technological and environmental factors that have contributed to the commercial growth and success of the events industry that has resulted in this industry to become a global one, producing events on a much bigger scale than before. Global live music events are now a common phenomenon producing billions of pounds in revenue and many industries outside the direct business of music events want to be involved to get a share in this major success. Books, articles, websites, reports and a few films have been the main resources for information for an essay on this subject, and to determine how music events have become global events. Commercial Events have always been organised for commercial purposes in many sectors of the economy. One of the recent developments in the live music events usiness is that music events have become a big part of marketing strategy for many companies in almost every sector of the business industry. Companies have tried to transform advertisement into real life experiences that relate to their product or company, which makes it easier for the clients to connect to the company. (Allen, J. , 2006) Not only are companies organising music events to promote their businesses or their products them selves but they are also connecting their image to music events by sponsoring big events such as concerts and festivals to advertise and create a certain image. Ali-Knight et al, 2004) Sponsorship deals are crucial for music events, â€Å"We have 5% of our budget from the public purse, 70% of our budget from ticket sales, but without the money from Sky and Emirates and The Guardian then we'd be stuffed. † (Florence, P. , 2008) This development is a direct reason for live music events to become global events because it creates a bigger budget and possibly a wider variety of public depending on the nature of the sponsoring businesses. Social A shift in the social composition of people who visit music events is one of the reasons for the commercial growth of live music events. Music events were originally created as a way to entertain young people and this created an image that suggested that only teenagers and adolescents could go to and enjoy live music events. But in the past few years this image has changed and promoters have widened their range of public and even designed music events especially to attract a public of all ages. This has everything to do with the idea of being an â€Å"eternal teenager†, people who grew up with live music events still want to go. This is the first time we've had this generation who are traditionally time and cash rich, this is the first time we've had a generation in this segment who have grown up with rock and roll. † (Cope, R. , 2008) For more success in the business organisers also present events with a certain theme or represent a certain ethical standpoint. (Goldblatt J. , 2007) The major success of this concept is proven by many successful fundraising events for charity, green events or events confin ed to a certain music genre. This does not only attract attention of an entirely new public to the live music events business but has also provoked political involvement in these events. For example, the popularity of pop/rock music events, which have produced the best performance during the past five years, is mainly due to its broad appeal because they tend to appeal to an older than normal demographic. (Mintel, 2010) Also charity events have increased the global involvement in music events and have attracted not only a wider variety of public but also political involvement. Because of this, live music events have been able to attract a much bigger variety of public, which has enabled the business to create global music events that are not focused on a particular segment of people but attract people of all ages and social backgrounds. (Bennett, A. , 2001) Legal As a result of commercial success and growth in the live music events business legal involvement has over the years become necessary and this means involvement of an entire business that has contributed to the growth of the music events industry in many ways. According to D. Becker (2006) the growth in commercial value and the increase of complexity of live music events have increased the need to record arrangements in writing and have made the legal rights and obligations of the parties involved more complex. This has led to the legal business becoming a big part of the live music business because especially with global music events so many parties are involved and thus so many legal involvement has become necessary. In this day and age where digitalization has influenced the music business so severely, new legislation is introduced every year to update the copyright code (Bargfrede and Mak, 2009) and this has directly and indirectly influenced the legal involvement in live music events. Also legislation concerning music events has changed over the years, the rules on for example alcohol distribution, drug-use, the Licensing Act of 2003, and most currently the smoking-ban have influenced the live music industry in both positive and negative ways. But it has increased the involvement and influence of the law on the live music events business and added value to the industry. Environmental Because of commercial growth and success of global events environmental possibilities are enormous. Venues are built especially for global events and designed for extraordinary amounts of people and live broadcasting possibilities. For example the New Wembley in London, completed in 2007 is one of many venues produced for mass consumption. Operated by Wembley National Stadium Limited, a fully owned subsidiary of The Football Association, the new stadium offers up to 90,000 fans the opportunity to watch world-class events with unrivalled views of the action in state-of-the-art facilities. † (Wembley Stadium website) This is only one of many examples of venues designed to accommodate global events, due to technological developments the environmental possibilities for live music events are endless. From music events in the middle of the desert to events on top of the Himalaya Mountains, anything is possible. (Goldblatt, J. , 2007) This has once again increased the variety of people interested in and involved in live music events, there are options for all ages, backgrounds and different areas of interest. Technological Developments in the technological area are probably one of the most important of reasons for live music events to become global events. In the past two decades technology has evolved beyond our imagination, we live in a science-fiction-like world where a mobile phone can do more than a computer ten years ago. (Kumar, V. , 2006) This has had many consequences, amongst others a huge impact on the live music industry. Live broadcasting, events taking place in different places in the word, global involvement, communication possibilities and easier access to live music events all over the world are only a few examples of the wide range of possibilities we have these days. A live music event can now be accessed from TV’s, radio’s, computers, iPads or even phones from anywhere in the world. (Kumar, V. , 2006) This technological development is a direct reason for live music events to turn into global events. Also live music events are the only area of the music industry that has not been affected by the digitalization of music. We can legally or illegally download or stream music for free but the experience of being present at a live music event has not yet been replaced by some digital form of replacement. (Katz, M. 2004) This means that live music events have become more important for artists and record companies as a source of income. Their focus has shifted from album sales and copyright income to concerts, festivals and other live music events. Conclusion The immense growth of the live music events industry has reasons related to many subjects. Changes in commercial involvement, social interest, legal developments, environmental possib ilities, and technological breakthroughs are amongst many other reasons for the commercial success in this industry the past few decades. The world is changing and evolving so quickly and our possibilities become greater and greater and the live music industry has tried hard to take advantage of these developments and use them to their advantage, which has enabled the business to become a global one and create global music events. Although economic, technologic, legal, commercial, environmental, political and cultural factors have influenced this process; the most important reason for this development is that music appeals to almost everyone, which has enabled this industry to become so successful. Reference list * Ali-Knight, J. , Drummond, S. , McMahon-Beattie, U. , Robertson, M. , Yeoman, I. , (2004) festivals and events management, an international arts and culture perspective, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford * Allen, J. , Bowdin, G. , Harris, R. , McDonnell, I. , O'Toole, W. , (2006), Events Management (2nd edn), Elsevier Ltd, Oxford * Becker, D. , (2006), The essential legal guide to events, Dynamic Publishing Limited * Bennett, A. , (2001) Cultures of Popular Music, Open University Press, Buckingham * Bradley, P. (2008), UK festival fever on the increase, BBC Money Programme, [online] Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7499708. stm [accessed 11 January, 2011] * Goldblatt J. , (2007) Special events: the roots and wings of celebration, Wiley & Sons, New York * Goldblatt, J. , (2002), Special Events: twenty-first century global event management. , 3rd edition, Wiley, New York * Katz, M. , (2004), Capturing Sound, how technology has changed music, University of Califo rnia Press Ltd, London * Legislation. gov. uk [Online] Available at http://www. egislation. gov. uk/ukpga/2003/17/introduction [Accessed 12 Januari 2011] * Music concerts and festivals –UK- Mintel (2010) [accessed 29 October 2010] * Wembley Stadium website: http://www. wembleystadium. com/about/WembleyStadium/ [accessed 11 January 2011] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"An Act to make provision about the regulation of the sale and supply of alcohol, the provision of entertainment and the provision of late night refreshment, about offences relating to alcohol and for connected purposes. † (Licensing. gov. uk, 2003)

The Importance of Training and Development in the Tesco Plc Essay

The Importance of Training and Development in the Tesco Plc - Essay Example The main results of the research highlight the fact that training and development programs are required in every organization including Tesco Plc as it increases the productivity of the organizations. Training and development is the main focus of the research, which is the chosen topic for the study. It is an important part of the business growth that relates to the development of the overall performance of the company. An organization is bound to provide training programs to the employees to inject the culture of the company and develop their skills as per the requirement of the clients. The training programs also help in developing the future of employees and achieve the goal determined by the company. The research aims at elaborating the training and development programs of Tesco Plc and whether the programs can add value to the development of the company. Hence, Tesco Plc is the main target company, whose training and development programs are evaluated and recommendations are giv en pertaining to the best training practices in Tesco Plc that add value to its operation. The main reason for choosing Tesco Plc for the research as it is one of the best retailers in the world, which exercises excellent training system. Though the company is confident regarding its training and development programs the research will help Tesco Plc to access the success of the programs through empirical analysis. It is observed that there are few types of research pertaining to this topic in the past and the researchers do not provide enough information to the readers regarding the success of the practices. Thus, this research will be an important resource for the company as it explains the best way of engaging training and development activities to maximize its overall performance and reach the targeted goal.

GALLERY REPORT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GALLERY REPORT - Research Paper Example A tapestry uses essential filaments intertwined into braids (Dissanayake 128). The intensity of the hues utilized portrays the intensity of the conquests of King Alfonso of Portugal. Though it was woven five centuries earlier by Flemish weavers, the distinctness represented by the value of the hues are still apparent in the featured soldiers’ details. Secondly, the Sculpture Garden showcases quite an ambience with its impressive design and horticulture splendor. The harmony of the lines in its physical structure complement the natural variety of the plants. It’s open lawns, central pool with a spouting fountain, and highlighted sculptures makes it ideal for families to enjoy visual elements of design. With the interaction of different media in an open-air atmosphere, unity is enigmatically observed. Clearly, this is an example of good art since it is unforgettable, grows in stature, and continually matures (Hoving 12). Regarding sculptures, Claude Michel’s Poetry and Music marble sculpture captures balance and content depicted by a cupid riveted by his book and another cherub enraptured by his lute’s music. Harmony between lyrics and melody is shaped in a light-hearted and delicate technique(The Collection). Generally, this tourist spot is where people of all walks of life can appreciate art in its varied impressions like love, numbers, language, and enlightenment (Raczka,

International marketing exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International marketing exam - Essay Example How accessible is the segment? Can the business obtain real data to consider the potential of the segment? Is it measurable? Market segmentation is done to clearly identify the various categories of customers in terms of needs and behaviour to better satisfy their needs. When the sellers and firms create separate segments of customers, it makes sense and provides customers with better solutions. Different customers have different amounts of disposable income and thus different in how they view price. Through segmentation, firms raise their average prices and thus enhanced profits for the business and builds up sales. Customer circumstances change, for instance they may shift necessitating change in buying patterns (Gunderson, 2008). When the sellers market products appealing to customers at different stages will help the firm in retaining their customers who might otherwise be tempted to switch to different products. In marketing, firms need to deliver the right message to the relevant customer segment. If the target group is too broad, there is likelihood that the main customers will be missed and that the cost of communication will rise rendering the business unprofitable. Through segmentation, the target customers are reached at a lower cost. Firms always target to increase their market share in the industry in a bid to maximize profits. Careful market segmentation and targeting will enable the businesses to achieve competitive production and costs of marketing therefore increasing the market share. There are various types of segmentation criteria including geographic segmentation; psychographics segmentation; demographic segmentation; and behavioralistic segmentation (Weinstein, 2004). When a company Toyota Motor Company produces cars for example, it segments its market into high, low and medium income earners and produces cars that customers in each segment can afford. The company determines which vehicle features are loved by people

How Personal Can Ethics Get Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

How Personal Can Ethics Get - Essay Example The three ethical issues of the case were the unethical behavior of Valarie’s boss Water, personal ethical dilemma of Valarie and the third was Valarie’s sharing the company’s sensitive information with her boyfriend who was outsider of the company. In the case I had faced the similar situation like Valerie; I had used the invoices I had found near the copy machine of the copy room of the office area to the CEO of the company. The paper I had found is strong evidence that can be supported by the actions being taken by Water. I would have also clarified my condition to the CEO and request him to not reveal my name unless some strong action is being taken against Water. I strongly believe the CEO himself would understand that in order to sustain the growths and have competitive advantage such practices should be discouraged and strictly prohibited. The company also has a replacement for Water and an effective team of people who like to work. I would never have shared the organizational information with my boyfriend or anyone close to me. I would have prepared myself for the alternatives so that if things go worst than I have an option for myself. The world does not end there. My moral values are the base for my ethical standards which do not allow me to go against the company interests and policies. The stressors for Valarie are result of poor work place environment, unethical behavior of the boss and the personal factors like work visa and educational issues. The stressors for Valarie are the situational stressors like unfavorable working conditions where the immediate boss is involved in unethical practices and her own frustrations of not being able to do anything about it (Scheck et al, 1997). The second category of the stressors is anticipatory stressors like unpleasant expectations and fear (O’Driscoll and Beehr, 1994). The unpleasant expectations are the expectation raised due to the personal

Challenges and Drawbacks of a Non-Traditional Student Research Paper

Challenges and Drawbacks of a Non-Traditional Student - Research Paper Example But while there is a great influx of non-traditional students on the college campus, much of the higher education system is regrettably still not fully developing this non-traditional population (Beicastro & Purslow, 2006, p. 2). Unfortunately as well, there is still relatively little actual academic research on nontraditional students on college campuses (Kortesoja, 2005). The growth in the non-traditional undergraduate population is also found in the graduate school population in the United States. It is estimated that 50% of all graduate students are older than age 30 years (United States Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, 1998, p. 55). Graduate schools are now facing the same issues as the undergraduate programs in working with these typically older students. Regrettably, there is very little research on non-traditional graduate students either (Kasworm et al., 2000, p. 453). According to the United States Department of Education, a non- traditional higher education student is a student who has one of the following characteristics: delays enrollment, attends part-time for at least part of the academic year, works full-time while enrolled, is considered financially independent for purposes of determining eligibility for financial aid, has dependents other than a spouse, is a single parent, or does not have a high school diploma. According to information from the Department of Education for the year 2000, 73% of all higher education students in the United States have at least one of these non-traditional characteristics. (United States Department of Education National Center for Educational Statistics, 2002, p. 25). When only focused on the characteristic of age, it is currently estimated that as many as 45% of college students are older than age 25 years (Beicastro & Purslow, 2006, p. 2). Talking about theological education, the same

MIS Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MIS Project - Essay Example To achieve this mission, Lib Cafe will commit to several philosophies, i.e. the clients will be the employer, the product is the most important thing, and to keep the store’s employees happy to provide the best service. In addition, the store will avoid greed and opportunism. Objectives Lib Cafe has several objectives that they seek to achieve. These are: 1. Turn ordinary physical shelves available in our homes into a virtual/online/digital shelf that can be accessed from anywhere. 2. Provide fast and economic way of delivering products and services to customers for entertainment and educational purposes at reduced/competitive prices using latest/advanced technologies available, today. Market Analysis The Middle Eastern market is an expanding market, yet, as a niche market, it is underserved. It is expected that the market will grow from 100 million potential in 2012 to approximately 15 million in 2020. Ardent book readers also spend approximately $100 billion dollars every ye ar with at least 30% of this now being spent online (Carey 22). One reason why the Middle Eastern consumer is overlooked is that the majority of information sources relied on by marketers does not adequately represent the population (Carey 22). However, as a marketer, this group needs to be recognized as a good opportunity and connecting to them in their early years, especially, could reap dividends in the future. Competitive Analysis Lib Cafe faces competition from various competitors such as traditional brick and mortar bookstores, textbook exchange sites, online retailers, online auction sites, comparison sites for book prices, and content specific sites for textbooks. These include Barnes & Noble, Bigwords.com, Efollet.com, Haif.com, JourneyEd.com, TextbooksX.com, Collegeclub.com, Ecampus.com, Ebay.com, Lazystudents.com, among others (Mercer 32). Strategy Lib Cafe’s potential market is around 100 million clients who are live in the Middle East and North Africa. For the se cond phase of this project, the plan is to focus the marketing efforts on a subset market that has its location in the Middle East (Mercer 44). The plan is also to expand to other markets using a phased approach, which will focus on a new region every year with North Africa and Eastern Europe as the next target. Sales Direct download – for purchased items (does not qualify for resale). Online Access to Company’s Cloud – for purchased (qualify for resale), rented or subscribed items. Shipped – physical product available for shipping (optional at higher costs). Products and Services Lib Cafe seeks to offer a unique content, service, and product blend to its clients, which other companies do not offer online. Lib Cafe also seeks to aggregate content, services, products, and participants to come up with a client-to-client retail website and market place. This will target 100 million potential users. Financials According to the requirements and opportunities t hat Lib Cafe has come up with, in their business plan, the financial projections are as follows: Ensure that the company exceeds an increase of 1.5 times in profits and revenue by year three. Make a report on its profits in month 9 of operations Ensure that there are exceptional revenues and sales by the end of year two. Lib Cafe needs a seed investment and later

Research based behavior management system Paper

Based behavior management system - Research Paper Example Belvel (2010) argues that teachers should transit their roles from classroom managers to classroom leaders as the first step in adopting a new, better approach to classroom management. Before going any further, the importance of and need for classroom behavior management should perhaps be highlighted. According to Oliver & Reschley (2007), positive educational outcomes are better achieved in a trouble free environment. Climate of a classroom may not ensure the achievement of all educational goals, but it definitely helps in the process (Belvel, 2010). 1.1 Behavior Management in classroom Behavior management of students is today’s biggest challenge faced by teachers, especially at levels K 3-7(Partin, 2009). Teachers have the ability to influence student’s behavior both, positively as well as negatively (Partin, 2009). Research has shown that interventions in management strategies especially at K 5 and K 6 Level are very effective in behavior management and academic achievement is enhanced as a result (Abbott, et al; 2010). ... Changes need to be inducted in the teaching practices within classroom settings to ensure smooth running of any classroom (Abbott, et al; 2010). Belvel (2010) argues that teachers should transit their roles from classroom managers to classroom leaders as the first step in adopting a new, better approach to classroom management. Before going any further, the importance of and need for classroom behavior management should perhaps be highlighted. According to Oliver & Reschley (2007), positive educational outcomes are better achieved in a trouble free environment. Climate of a classroom may not ensure the achievement of all educational goals, but it definitely helps in the process (Belvel, 2010). 1.1 Behavior Management in classroom Behavior management of students is today’s biggest challenge faced by teachers, especially at levels K 3-7(Partin, 2009). Teachers have the ability to influence student’s behavior both, positively as well as negatively (Partin, 2009). Research has shown that interventions in management strategies especially at K 5 and K 6 Level are very effective in behavior management and academic achievement is enhanced as a result (Abbott, et al; 2010). 1.2 Reinforcement (and consequences) Research over the past few decades has shown clearly that reinforcement helps in maintaining class control, managing behavior of the students and yielding academic achievement (Porter, 1961; Hall, et al; 1968). Basic explanation of the process of reinforcement is one that follows a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again. Agents with whom reinforcement is brought about can be in many forms (Peters, 2010). Partin (2009) has suggested a hierarchy of reinforcers. The

Mythological Women Essay Example for Free

Mythological Women Essay Attitudes toward women in mythology reflect the attitudes that still exist today around the world. In mythology women always seem to mess up and make mistakes. Women are viewed as incapable in mythology. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative. One of the three types of mythology that are going to be discussed about is humanity mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western humanity mythology, there is the parable of Adam and Eve. In Adam and Eve, God tells them to not eat from the forbidden tree. Eve, the woman, is tempted and ends up disobeying God by eating an apple from the tree that was forbidden. On the other hand, in Greek humanity mythology there is the story of Pandora. Pandora was given a box and was told to never open the box. Curiosity got the best of Pandora and she ended up disobeying by opening the box. In humanity mythology women are portrayed as not being able to follow instructions and obey. The next type of mythology is the animal/plant mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western animal/plant mythology, you have the parable of Adam and Eve again. In the parable, Adam the man, is given the responsibility to name the animals. While in Greek animal/plant mythology, you have the myth of how spiders came to be. There was a Goddess named Athena who challenged Arachne at weaving. Arachne was the best weaver there. After loosing, Athena turned Arachne into a spider so she would weave webs forever. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also viewed as jealous. The last type of mythology is hero mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western hero mythology, you have superhero and trickster schemes. Without a trickster there is no superhero to solve the problem. In the superhero community, almost every superhero is male. On the other hand, in Greek hero mythology you have The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, you have Odysseus who is away for twenty long years. Odysseuss wife has been mourning for his arrival and has remained clean and faithful. In the meantime, Odysseus is sleeping with other women. Hero mythology portrays the dominance of men and their image of strength. Hero mythology also portrays the double standard of  what men expect for women. In conclusion, bad attitudes toward women that are seen in Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology still exist today. In humanity mythology, women are portrayed as incapable of obeying and following instructions. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also very jealous. In hero mythology, men are seen as the ones with dominance, strength, and superiority and you can see a double standard in the expectations of morality. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative.

Woman of the Nineteenth Century Essay Example for Free

Woman of the Nineteenth Century Essay Dear diary, I am a woman by birth, a woman by heart but this country does not recognize it nor understand what it means to be a woman. I have been married for almost twenty years now, maybe twenty two. I am already confused, as my body is tired, to think of the number of years I have been married. I could even barely recall the time I was born or the exact date I was brought to this wretched world. The years seemed to have gone by too fast, yet the pain and the harsh experiences carried in it are still here, in my body and in my heart. Oh how I wish they have all left together with my youth. I am old. My eyes and the skin surrounding it are already too dark and deeply imbedded in their sockets. My lips are too dry to even speak to anyone else. Wrinkles are all over my face, as if representing the countless agonies and hardships I have endured. Marriage is the worst thing that has ever happened in my life. It deprived me of all my individuality and happiness in life. Britain, my country, gives us, women, a hard time by forcing us to marry Britain’s savage men. There are few men compared to women in Britain, yet they are far more savage than us women. They are like wolves hunting for lambs, tearing the flesh out of their victims. Because of marriage, I was not able to enjoy my life as a young adult. I was not able to lavish my self with material things. I was not able to eat exotic foods which I have been dreaming of eating since I was a child. I was not able to wear elegant clothes or build a huge house for myself. I was not able to enjoy the fruits of my labor because I am, or us women, are expected to depend highly on men. The money that I received from the death of my father due to the war was passed on to my husband after marrying him. All the money that I have earned through the countless hours of working was collected by my greedy husband. It’s all thanks to my country’s unwomanly law, the 1882 Married Property Act. It deprived my off all my independence and freedom to live on my own. It imprisoned me in the hands of my no-good husband. I believe that women should be given the equal rights to property and dignity of self-support. I have been dreaming and wanting to divorce him for years, after the first beating I have received from him, months after our wedding. I caught him cheating on me, having sex with an old-hag in our neighborhood. I threw everything that I could lay my hands to him on during that day. The thoughts of killing him also flashed into my mind, but I didn’t, because I feared Britain’s cold prison. I have the right to be angry and should have the right to divorce him, but my country doesn’t give me that right, they simply won’t let me leave him. It is the fault of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 which gives men more power over us women. Because of this law, they can divorce or discard of us anytime they want as long as they provide evidences of adultery committed by their wives. However, even if we caught our men cheating, we cannot divorce them. Even if I was divorced by him (Oh I’d really love to be separated from this beast) this law won’t let me see my angelic children. Giving birth was the most painful for me. I have a slight curvature on my spine. I think this increases the risk of paralysis when giving birth. I assume such thing would happen based on the twenty-ninth woman’s story in the book which I read called â€Å"Motherhood Bondage† by Margaret Sanger. She has three boys, and worked really hard just as I do. If I remember what I read right, her right arm was paralyzed when she gave birth to his second baby and was totally paralyzed (her whole right side) when she gave birth to the third (Sanger 86). I sympathize with her and hope that it does not happen to me. I already have thirteen children, five weak boys and eight sickly girls, at my age of 40. Luckily, I have not experienced any paralysis. But it was definitely painful. Having these lovely angels give me hope and uplifts my spirit. However, having so many children can also be a burden especially if a husband doesn’t provide financial support to his wife, just like what my husband does to me. My husband doesn’t support us that much. I am only able to raise my beautiful angels because I hide some money from work. My fool husband can beat me to death but I will never give him all my money, especially the little savings I have for my children. Truthfully, I love all of my children, but I do not want any more of them. On the contrary, my husband seems to want more. Well, not particularly children, but specifically sex. He comes home late at night in his elegant pants and fine coat, hiding the beast within him. He’s always drunk and is fond of beating me. My sadist husband rapes me every night, pushing my face to the hard headboard of our meager bed. He enjoys every scream I utter in our small room that echoing the pain on the soiled walls. He thinks that I am his property, an object which he can toss around and dispense anytime he wanted. He arouses me by playing with my clitoris, stimulating my body to lubricate the part which he wants more than his wife; my vagina. If he accidentally hurts his private organ by pushing too hard, he strangles me and yells that I am sexually frigid. He questions my capability to have a vaginal orgasm and argues that I am sexually incompetent. But to tell you the truth, he is simply ignorant. My stupid husband who only finished his secondary education thinks he is superior and very intelligent, but he does not know much and does not actually understand women. Vaginal orgasm is purely men’s idea about women and neglects the fact that the â€Å"vagina is not a highly sensitive area and is not constructed to achieve orgasm,† it is the clitoris, which is the women’s â€Å"center of sexual sensitivity and which is the female equivalent of the penis† (Koedt 133). Is it still my fault for being sexually aroused yet sexually unsatisfied? I did not want to have sex with him on the first place (and I would like to emphasize that right now, I really regret marrying him) but he keeps using me, treating me as a sex slave. His sexual appetite seems unquenchable like a wolf who returns every night, wanting to devour another lamb. I am already old and my husband as well, but his yearning for sex is as vigorous as ever. Remembering our honeymoon or our first night together was really exciting. My heart was beating really fast as he unfolds every clothing that hides my smooth and tender skin. With every touch, my heart skips a beat. With every kiss, my cheeks turn red and my bosoms rise as if they were touching heaven. When he first entered me, it was painful, yet pleasurable in a way. It was like dream, only that time it was real. However, having sex with him few weeks after that was like nightmare; it was a living hell. As a woman, my right for voluntary womanhood is violated. I simply cannot stop him from having sex with me. Everytime I disagree with his yearning or push him away, he comes back with a forceful punch or a hard kick on my stomach, on my face or on my chest. I can no longer refuse to submit to my husband’s sexual demands. Something which I believe is a right which should be given to me, as a woman, as a mother and as an individual. I believe that there should be â€Å"right on the part of a woman to decide when she shall become a mother, how often and under what circumstances† (Grimke 942). I am a woman by birth, a woman by heart but my husband, the men in this country, my country, do not recognize it nor understand what it means to be a woman. I know that writing this on a piece of paper won’t do much. But I am hoping that someday, somebody who has power or understands women sees this and liberates me or at least women from the shackles of this patriarchal society. I am old, but my heart as a woman will forever be young; young in the sense that it had never been given the right to grow. When I die, I hope that this woman in me is cherished, nurtured and developed by others. Diary, can you help me find that person? Please? I hope you can, and I hope it’s soon. Works Cited Grimke, Sarah. On Voluntary Motherhood. For Women Only! Your Guide to Health Empowerment. Eds. Gary Null and Barbara Seaman. Canada: Seven Stories Press, 1999. Koedt, Ann. The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm. Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism. Ed. Dawn Keetley. UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. , 1970. Sanger, Margaret. Motherhood in Bondage. New York: Brentanos, Inc. , 2000.

Challenges in Countering Terrorism

Challenges in Countering Terrorism â€Å"What are the roles and the limitations of US intelligence community in countering terrorist threats? â€Å" Maitha Yousif Mohammed EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Knowledge investigation tries to give vital data in a convenient way to help policymakers from the president on down settle on better choices. The data and judgments must be related to what policymakers need to know however not skewed to bolster a specific strategy result. In actuality, this is a greater amount of a workmanship than a science, particularly on the grounds that the way and method for most successfully illuminating the president and other senior policymakers changes with the inclinations and working style of every new organization. The Intelligence Community (IC) is a gathering of Executive Branch offices and associations that work independently and together to take part in knowledge exercises that are important for the behavior of remote relations and the security of the national security of the United States. The IC is driven by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who is the pioneer of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and whose commitment is to arrange the other 16 IC parts considering information clients necessities. INTRODUCTION THE EXPIRATION OF THE COLD WAR creates it consistent and critical to dissect the central segments of U.S. national security plan. It will be surprising if the associations, strategies, and process that by and large served the country well in the midst of the Cold War ensured to fix similarly in an enormously changed worldwide setting. On occasion, exciting modification in what the United States prepares and how it does it strength be named for; in others, significantly all the additional unassuming alteration could well do. Despite once no alteration is obliged or charming, it will be imperative to exhibit this to an open and Congress commonly eager to extra resources committed to national security or use every one of them the all the more effectively and capably. The Council on Foreign Relations Task Force happening the Future of U.S. Learning stayed made in mid-1995 with the inspiration driving studying the prerequisite for understanding in the post-Cold War world then in what way the U.S. government must go about meeting it. All Task Force people comprehended that this objective was a moving target given the movements now in advance all through the knowledge aggregate, the game plan of another Director of Central Intelligence, the vicinity of the Aspin-Brown Commission on the Parts and Competences of the United States Intellect Community, and order being recruited by the House and Senate boards depended with oversight. The goal of the Task Force is to add to those tries and accomplish a extra taught open reasonable talk over the destiny of U.S. learning. Mission Our essential mission is to gather and pass on the fundamental data the president and individuals from the policymaking, law authorization, and military groups require to execute their delegated obligations Overview of the Intelligence Community The U.S. Knowledge Community Consist of 17 organizations is a huge, complex structure, sorted out and worked in accordance with a large number of laws, official requests, arrangements, and mandates. Parts of its association and operation are examined in point of interest inside the group of this report. The motivation behind the accompanying examination is to give a generally, really distorted, photograph of the Community and how it functions, and to serve as a basis for those new to the subject. The fundamental piece of knowledge is not difficult to get it. It is to give propitious, material information to U.S. policymakers, chiefs, and warfighters. Completing this mission incorporates tasking, social affair, changing, exploring, and scattering knowledge, for the most part implied as the information cycle. The Role of Intelligence The parts and missions of knowledge are not static. They are influenced by changes on the planet, in innovation, and in the Governments requirements. Every President must choose where knowledge organizations ought to think their endeavors. The Commission sees four utilitarian parts for knowledge offices gathering, investigation, incognito activity, and counterintelligence-and also various missions regarding giving substantive backing to specific administrative capacities. There are complexities in each of the utilitarian parts, however secret activity (i.e., operations to impact conditions in different nations without the inclusion of the United States being recognized or obvious) remains the most disputable. The Commission presumes that an ability to lead clandestine activities ought to be kept up to furnish the President with a choice shy of military activity when discretion alone cant carry out the employment. Backing to U.S. strategy, military operations and protection arranging ought to keep on constituting the primary missions of the Intelligence Community. Countering illegal exercises abroad which undermine U.S. intrigues, including terrorism, opiates trafficking, expansion of weapons of mass pulverization, and worldwide composed wrongdoing are additionally progressively critical missions. The increment in the accessibility of openly accessible data may allow some lessening in the present level of push to dissect the economies of different nations. The Commission emphatically underpins the present arrangement precluding insight offices from taking part in mechanical secret activities, i.e., utilizing furtive intends to get data from remote business firms for the advantage of a U.S. contender. It is suitable, on the other hand, for insight organizations to answer to perceptive authorities at the Departments of State and/or Commerce confirmation of unreasonable exchange works on being embraced by or with the learning of different governments to the drawback of U.S. firms. Backing to law requirement and administrative organizations is a real mission however asks for such bolster must be thoroughly assessed to guarantee that insight offices have the capacity to make a helpful commitment. The Commission likewise sees the procurement of backing to U.S. offices concerned with natural and wellbeing issues outside the United States as a true blue, though restricted, mission. Limitations Requirements in the knowledge bunchs (IC) load of assertion staff destroy the aptitude to center the extent to which the eight nonmilitary faculty IC segments -the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Office Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), and six fragments inside the Sections of Energy, Homeland Security, , State, Justice and the Treasury- -usage these staff. The IC Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO) behaviors a yearly load of focus agreement workforce that fuses info on the number and costs of these staff. Regardless, GAO perceived different requirements in the stock that through and through most extreme the likeness, precision, and reliability of the info reported by the consistent resident IC parts all in all. Foreign Intelligence on Terrorist Threats The unfathomable and complex understanding gathering all collect information. Associations diversely have limits for gathering, examination, or both. Info is directed to the National Counterterrorism Center, which reports to the DNI. Sure counter-understanding workplaces to secure military forces are by and large assembled limits named Counter intelligence Force Protection Source Operations (CFSO). These are the report to military levels of initiative for straight support, yet sort out unfriendly doings through the NCS. Each noteworthy military organization has a counter-information limit: U.S. Outfitted drive Counter Intelligence, the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI),and Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), once before (NIS). NCIS serves the US Marine Corps. NOTE: The U.S. Marine Corps furthermore has Counterintelligence/Tactical HUMINT assets (CI/HUMINT). There is in like manner a sweeping Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA). Internal Security and Police Private counter-knowledge are fundamentally below Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a law prerequisite organization. The FBI and CIA together work the National Counterterrorism Center, despite the way that the CIA is not allowable to do field operations inside the US. The clue office for violence law necessity is the FBI, despite the way that different components of the Section of Homeland Security may give reinforce. There is the test of what affiliations, laws, and teachings are noteworthy to security against an extensive variety of violence in ones own specific country. Development organizations, once in the past below the United States Migration and Naturalization Service (INS) traded from the Department of Justice to the Department of Homeland Security in March 2003. The association of development organizations, counting enduring home, naturalization, shelter, and distinctive limits transformed into the commitment of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), existed only for a brief time before altering to its available designation, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The analytical and approval limits (numbering examinations, removing, and knowledge) were united by U.S. Conventions operators, the Federal Protective Service, then the Federal Air Marshal Service, to make U.S. Movement and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The periphery components of the INS, which fused the Border Patrol close by INS Inspectors, were solidified with U.S. Customs Inspectors into the as of late made U.S. Conventions and Border Protection (CBP). Conclusion Counter terrorism is a often as possible synonymous with state wrongdoing. This state wrongdoing is quite much greater number of genuine then the brutality that is supposedly terrorism being countered. Counter terrorism is likewise often counter gainful in term of its expressed point of anticipation on the grounds that is support the kind of viciousness by non-state performs that draws in the mark terrorism smugness over state roughness is not defended by historical backdrop of counter terrorism. State, through the military police and knowledge and security administrations have gigantic ability to constrain and dispense roughness. It is not amazing than that state wrongdoings masked as counter terrorism are in charge of human enduring on a more prominent scale then the savagery by non-state performing artists that is named terrorism

jacksonian man of parts :: essays research papers

The recent International Poe conference saw a number of panels and individual presentations dedicated to examining the author’s works in their social and historical contexts, suggesting that contemporary Poe criticism is moving in a cultural direction long overlooked by scholars and critics. With no less than two full panels devoted specifically to issues of race in Poe’s writing, and other papers addressing issues of cultural identity, gender politics, Poe’s relationship to American literary nationalism, and the author’s ties to both antebellum society and Jacksonian democracy, this conference provided overwhelming evidence of a current desire to emplace Poe more specifically within his cultural and historical milieu. In a broader sense, such attention to the historical and cultural dynamics of Poe’s writing suggests increased attention of late to Poe’s own Americanness. This critical trend toward assessing Poe as a distinctly American writ er has, of course, also informed such excellent recent works as Terence Whalen’s Edgar Allan Poe and the Masses (1999) and the essays collected by Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman in The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe (1995). This paper represents an attempt to further such inquiry into the American â€Å"face† of Poe by examining the ways in which Poe’s unfortunately neglected tale â€Å"The Man that Was Used Up† complicates the author’s position in relation to American racial and national politics. One of Poe’s most biting satirical pieces, this tale raises vexing questions regarding the connections between matters of race, masculinity, and national identity as these concepts were imagined and constructed in Jacksonian America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A minor tale in the canon of Poe’s short fiction, â€Å"The Man That Was Used Up† was first published in the August, 1839 issue of Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine and subsequently revised and published twice more in Poe’s lifetime, first in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840), and, finally, in the 9 August 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal. In this odd story, which chronicles the compromised stature of a military hero of the Indian Wars, Poe makes what would seem to be one of his most scathing, if indirect, commentaries on contemporary American politics. Specifically, the tale evokes the troubled relationship between the oppressive racial policies of the United States in the Age of Jackson and the burgeoning sense of national purpose and unity embodied in the figure of the robust, heroic, Jacksonian â€Å"self-made man.† Composed at a time when the United States was embroiled in the Second Seminole War (1835-42), am ong the longest and costliest of the Indian Wars, the story positions its central figure, Brevet Brigadier General John A.

Can TV be a Good Teacher? :: Television Education Media Essays

Can TV be a Good Teacher? Many people today blame television and media in general when something bad happens, for example shootings in the schools. However, should television take all the blame for effects and changes in American youth? Television shows crimes and killing, but television can also teach young children how to behave in the right way. Television can not influenced all of us, but it can definitely influence young children, who are, â€Å"curious and easily influenced. They tend to mimic and repeat what they hear and see on television without knowing of right and wrong† (Simmons 149). These influences depend on what kinds of shows children are watching. Parents are the one controlling theirs children, but without parental supervision children will watch what pleases them; that is were the problem lies. For example, if a child is watching a movies that contain violent acts, that can have some bad side effects. One of these effects can be carelessness. The child can become less worried about others and what is going to happen to them; they may not recognize it as violence. A study by Cullingford reports, â€Å"when people were shown killings and then heavily prompted, most did not think of it as violence. The frightening truth was that ‘objectionable content’ had become so acceptable that it was invisible† (Simmons 150). The other effect can be violent behavior. Child may want to become violent, because then they will be â€Å"feared† by every one, just like the people that they see in television. Berkowitz concluded, from his experiment, â€Å" television violence does arouse aggressive behavior, especially if viewers believes that aggression is justified† (Simons 150). Another effect can be revenge. This is probably the biggest message that violent movies are sending to children. In almost all of the movies we see people killing one another just to avenge someone that was either killed or harmed by a â€Å"bad buy,† or they themselves were harmed. This may influence children that have been humiliated in schools or molested. At some point, they may explode with rage to get revenge for what had happened to them. On the other hand, if a child is watching educational channels consisting of historic programs or other kind of educational programs, the child can be influenced in several good ways. First, the child can become smarter. If a child is watching educational programs, they will definitely learn something. Can TV be a Good Teacher? :: Television Education Media Essays Can TV be a Good Teacher? Many people today blame television and media in general when something bad happens, for example shootings in the schools. However, should television take all the blame for effects and changes in American youth? Television shows crimes and killing, but television can also teach young children how to behave in the right way. Television can not influenced all of us, but it can definitely influence young children, who are, â€Å"curious and easily influenced. They tend to mimic and repeat what they hear and see on television without knowing of right and wrong† (Simmons 149). These influences depend on what kinds of shows children are watching. Parents are the one controlling theirs children, but without parental supervision children will watch what pleases them; that is were the problem lies. For example, if a child is watching a movies that contain violent acts, that can have some bad side effects. One of these effects can be carelessness. The child can become less worried about others and what is going to happen to them; they may not recognize it as violence. A study by Cullingford reports, â€Å"when people were shown killings and then heavily prompted, most did not think of it as violence. The frightening truth was that ‘objectionable content’ had become so acceptable that it was invisible† (Simmons 150). The other effect can be violent behavior. Child may want to become violent, because then they will be â€Å"feared† by every one, just like the people that they see in television. Berkowitz concluded, from his experiment, â€Å" television violence does arouse aggressive behavior, especially if viewers believes that aggression is justified† (Simons 150). Another effect can be revenge. This is probably the biggest message that violent movies are sending to children. In almost all of the movies we see people killing one another just to avenge someone that was either killed or harmed by a â€Å"bad buy,† or they themselves were harmed. This may influence children that have been humiliated in schools or molested. At some point, they may explode with rage to get revenge for what had happened to them. On the other hand, if a child is watching educational channels consisting of historic programs or other kind of educational programs, the child can be influenced in several good ways. First, the child can become smarter. If a child is watching educational programs, they will definitely learn something.

Shaping Identity in William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Numbers Gibs

Shaping Identity in William Gibson's Neuromancer The number â€Å"one† is not a thing. Math has no definitive reality. Numbers are a social construct, a system of symbols designed to express the abstractions through which properly developed societies explain aspects of reality. It follows that, as humanity seeks to understand more of what it is to exist, bigger numbers are needed. Soon, we need machines to understand the numbers. Society plants a base on information technology, efficiency, and a mechanical precision that is startling. What is desirable in a product is distilled to a formulaic essence and packaged neatly. Humans, too, are boiled down to science. Glossy shots, red lipstick, concrete biceps, and an ever-decreasing waistline set the standard. People are reduced to little more than the sum of their parts, a pair of matchstick legs, a rippled midsection, the right shoes and right make-up. Information technology makes the dissimilation of these trends mercilessly easy: In response to the Atkins Diet, tens of thousa nds of Americans strike carbohydrates from their diets. A cell phone that simply calls someone is archaic at best; people need infinite text messaging and a built-in digital camera (with no roaming charges) so that they can e-mail pictures of their new car to their friends in California, New York, or Antarctica. Jessica Simpson mistakes canned tuna for chicken and millions of viewers laugh at her in unison. Still, â€Å"one† is not a thing. These societal constructs chip away at the very humanity of the people who live amidst them. In William Gibson’s Neuromancer, a motley cast of characters face this cold steel reality, that their humanity is being systematically stripped, and that even attempts to take advantage... ... as perceived in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and William Gibson's Neuromancer.† 1996. Retrieved November 16th, 2004. http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5972/gibson.html. Meyer, Chuck. †Human Identity in the Age of Computers: Cyberpunk Identity.† April 1997. Retrieved November 20th, 2004. http://fragment.nl/mirror/Meyer/CyberpunkIdentity.htm. Myers, Tony. †The Postmodern Imaginary In William Gibson's Neuromancer.† 2001. Retrieved November 20th, 2004. http://www.postanarki.net/myers.htm. Saffo, Paul. †Consensual Realities in Cyberspace.† Phrack Magazine. 1989. Retrieved November 16th, 2004. http://www.phrack.org/show.php?p=30&a=8. Shaw, Debbie. †THEREFORE I AM - TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN IDENTITY.† Updated January 1997. Retrieved November 16th, 2004. http://learning.unl.ac.uk/humanIT/cybersf/ident.htm

Britains Policy of Salutary Neglect

Thesis: * Britain’s policy of Salutary Neglect guided the American Society in Legislative assemblies, commerce, and religion; it is because of these factors that made the Americas a thriving world source for trade and many other things. Point One: * Because of salutary neglect, citizens were able to form their own legislative assemblies and were free to make their own decisions. * Legislative Assemblies were formed out of the same principle of the British House of Commons. The principle of government in the House of Commons was that government should represent the people. * To begin, legislation was readily discussed in various areas throughout the new world. In New England, a convention was launched, and delegated power to town officials.* The officials had meetings where they discussed the future of their country. * . Similarly, a council was started in Virginia, the House of Burgesses, which acted as a legislative body for the Virginia colony. Point Two: * Because it helped the colonists expand trade with other countries. escaped the strict laws of the English system in free America * England times were commercially tough, especially in the 1600's with the Glorious Revolution taking shape. But in America, tobacco, cotton, and manufacturing began to ascend to the economic throne. * In fact, the reason that many colonists arrived in the new world was to escape the control of the monarch and the Parliament. * Additionally, in the colonies, there was a policy of states’ rights which also played a role in giving power to the people.Point Three: * Religious times grew immensely with salutary neglect * From the beginning, America was a place to practice religion freely. * Puritans and separatists all flocked to America to practice religious freedom. * The Quakers were given freedom to practice their religion in Pennsylvania. * The â€Å"Catholic Haven† of Maryland was granted freedom of religion through the Act of Toleration. * These ideologies were present within the new world because no â€Å"big brother† was enforcing laws against religious freedom. When Edwards and Whitefield began preaching during â€Å"The Great Awakening,† religion was largely revived.* The religious revival stressed tolerance and unity, and was the first real movement that unified the colonists. The roots of the revivalism came from Penn, Hooker, (â€Å"Mother Anne†) Lee, Williams, and others who strived for toleration earlier. Conclusion: * Britain’s policy of Salutary Neglect guided the American Society in Legislative assemblies, commerce, and religion; it is because of these factors that made the Americas a thriving world source for trade and many other things.

My fellow thanes for Macbeth’s Coronation banquet Essay

My lady and I were asked to join my fellow thanes for Macbeth’s Coronation banquet. As we entered the cavernous hall, which had been decorated with splendid colours and banners, I noticed few people were talking. The sullen silence made the hall seem even bigger and perhaps even darker, and then, I gasped in astonishment as I noticed the feast (I do not know how I could have missed it) it was so vast it took up twenty full tables. Every imaginable food was there including much game. I had only just taken it all in when the sound of trumpets announced to the assembly the king was coming. He and his wife entered. Macbeth was dressed in fine clothes, red and gold silks and rare animal furs. Upon each finger a gold ring glittered , and of course the golden crown of the king. Lady Macbeth was also dressed in fine silks complimenting her pale cold looks perfectly, and also upon her hand rings glistened and gleamed like sun glinting off a newly forged sword. Around her neck many fine chains of gold and silver, the best that could be found. But soon things became not as they should, when my lord started seeing apparitions and things that were clearly not there. They may not have been there but the look of horror on Lord Macbeth’s face was enough to persuade me that he saw something others could not, and would not like to. But our Lady Macbeth reassured us and tried to explain it was a problem from childhood. But also throughout the most royal banquet our lord Macbeth disappeared and reappeared many times, he was rumored to have been seen with to shifty looking rogues. My lord and lady Macbeth were also seen to be quarreling throughout the evening, the air between them was thick with unsaid threats and promises, they were both on edge throughout the evening even though his lordship tried hard to hide it. Unfortunately we were asked to leave early as Macbeth had gone into another trance, seeing things that were not there, he talked about them too he spoke of grievances and of blood and injury but as soon as started they had finished and we were bid leave.

Input-Output Multiplier Analysis for Major Industries in the Philippines.Pdf

11th National Convention on Statistics (NCS) EDSA Shangri-La Hotel October 4-5, 2010 INPUT-OUTPUT MULTIPLIER ANALYSIS FOR MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINES by Madeline B. Dumaua For additional information, please contact: Author’s name Designation Affiliation Address Tel. no. E-mail Madeline B. Dumaua Statistician III Statistical Research and Training Center Quezon City +632-4260620 [email  protected] gov. ph INPUT-OUTPUT MULTIPLIER ANALYSIS FOR MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINES1 by Madeline B. Dumaua2 ABSTRACT The study aims to assess the impact of the different major industries of the Philippines using Input-Output Multiplier Analysis. It attempts to do this by using the 2000 Input-Output Accounts of the Philippines (I-O Accounts), the most recently published tables by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). As the economic importance of the 11 major industries is growing among the policy makers and researchers, this study applied input-output technique in determining economic effects to gauge the significance of these industries in generating output, income and employment. Key sectors are identified in term of multipliers; the higher the multiplier, the stronger is the ability of the corresponding sector to create multiple impacts in the economy. The obtained multipliers showed that among major industries, the Manufacturing Industry showed the highest final demand-to-output multiplier; the Construction Industry gained the highest output-to-output multiplier; and Private Services Industry is found to have the highest income and employment multipliers. KEY WORDS: Input-output, Multiplier 1. Introduction Sectors of an economy are naturally interdependent. An input stimulates production in a sector directly, but it may also stimulate production in other sectors as well, where the intensity can be downgraded. The residual effect of an input beyond the intended sector is called multiplier that describes interrelationships among sectors of the economy. The multiplier effect provides a quantification of the direct and indirect effect on growth of the sector, possibly measured in terms of production output. Different economic multipliers like those for output, income, and employment can be used to determine economic effect for an industry. The Leontieff model or the Input-Output model can be used to track the complex web of production linkages among industries in the country within the framework of interdependencies. This study will assess the impact of the different sectors of the economy in terms of output, income and employment. Thus, Input-Output multiplier analysis was performed to determine the effect of the different major industry groups. 2. Objectives of the Study The study aimed to measure the economic effects of the major industry groups using Input-Output Multiplier Analysis. Specifically, the study intended to: 1. easure the multiplier effect of changes in final demand on the output of individual industries and the whole economy (Final Demand-to-Output Impact Multiplier) 1 2 One of the in-house research undertakings of the Research and Information Technology Division (RITD) of the Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC) of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Statistician III, Res earch and Information Technology Division (RITD) of the Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC) of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 1 2. etermine the impact of changes in each industry’s output on the total output (Outputto-Output Impact Multiplier) 3. find out the impact of changes in each industry’s output on household income (Household Income Multiplier) 4. determine the impact changes of output in an industry on employment (Employment Multiplier) 3. Significance of the Study In economics, the multiplier effect refers to the idea that the initial amount of money invested by government leads to an even greater increase in national income. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand causes a change in ggregate output of the economy that is multiple of the initial. This measures the degree to which various businesses and households in an economy are interrelated. This measure the impact of a given external change, such as new inv estment, export expansion, start up of a new businesses, on total economic activity in a given community or country, through the respending of new dollars within that economy. The multiplier has been used to justify government spending or taxation relief that will stimulate aggregate demand. Many governments consider spending/tax break as instruments to stimulate aggregate demand. This is usually implemented during a period of recession or economic uncertainty. The money invested by a government is believed to create more jobs, which in turn will mean more spending that further fuel activities in various sectors of the economy. The idea is that the net increase in disposable income by different stakeholders throughout the economy will be greater than the original investment. As this happens, government can increase the gross domestic product by an amount that is greater than an increase in the amount it spends relative to the amount it collects in taxes. Multiplier focuses on the relationship between spending and consumption. It is also referred as expenditure multiplier. The concept holds that a spending, whether initiated by the government, corporations or households, will trigger the national income. Expenditure multiplier does not differentiate between consumption and investment spending. Examples of multipliers include I-O multipliers which are derived from I-O tables and show the impact of spending in certain industry on various economic variable including GDP, employment, output and wages and salaries, etc. . Limitations of the Study The paper makes use of the 2000 Input-Output tables from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). It only uses I-O multiplier analysis in estimating multipliers. While I-O multipliers can be a rich source of information, they also have some limitations. These include: I-O models treat all inputs as complements and exclude substitutes implying that increases in the demand for one input w ill only lead to demand increases for other inputs. The I-O model does not consider price-adjusting behavior or substitution effects. Because the model is entirely open, there is no scarcity of resources. The economy is assumed to have limitless amounts of all the inputs it requires. 2 I-O models produce a snapshot of the economy at a given point in time. Structural changes in the economy over time will reduce the validity of results produced by I-O models. Analysis based on I-O models does not explicitly consider alternatives and tends to show only benefits of expenditures while ignoring costs. The impacts considered through the I-O model are short-term and at the margin: there is no consideration of whether the economy has the capacity to incorporate the changes and whether changes in production are sustainable or cost competitive. Given these limitations, I-O multipliers can still provide a useful, but rough, initial indication of the economic impact of changes in spending in different industries. 5. Data and Methodology This study was primarily carried out based on the 2000 Input-Output Accounts of the Philippines (I-O Accounts), the most recently published tables by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). In order to assess the economic effect of all major industries in the whole economy, the Input-Output Multiplier Analysis was used. The major industry groups used in the study include the following: For the employment multiplier analysis, data for the total number of persons employed in each industry was taken from the 2000 Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) of the National Statistics Office (NSO) while data for the Gross Value-Added (GVA) was taken from 2000 Economic Accounts of the NSCB. Table 1. Major Industry Groups Major Industry Groups Code 01 Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 02 Mining and Quarrying 03 Manufacturing 04 Construction 05 Electricity, Gas and Water 06 Transportation, Storage and Communication 07 Wholesale and Retail Trade 08 Finance 09 Real Estate 10 Private Services 11 Government Services 5. 1 Computation of Final Demand-to-Output Multiplier The step by step procedure in generating Final Demand-to-Output multiplier analysis is described below: 1. Get the column elements of the inverse matrix for all major industries. 2. Multiply the column elements by the impact variable to get the specific impact on each industry. . Get the total of the column elements of the inverse matrix for all major industries. 4. Multiply the total column elements by the impact variable to get the impact on the entire economy. 3 5. 2 Output-to-Output Multiplier The step by step procedure in generating Output-to-Output multiplier analysis is described below: 1. 2. 3. 4. Obtain the IO inverse matrix for all major industries. Divide each column by its diagonal element. Get the column sums of the output-to-output inverse matrix. The column sums are the output-to-output multipliers for each industry. 5. 3. Household Income Multiplier The step by step procedure in generating Household Income multiplier analysis is described below: 1. Get the household income coefficients of all the major industries in the economy by dividing the compensation of employees by the total input of the corresponding industry. 2. Multiply the column elements of the inverse matrix of all major industries by all the household income coefficients. 3. Add all the products to get the household income multiplier. 5. 4 Employment Multiplier The step by step procedure in generating employment multiplier analysis is described below: 1. Get employment coefficients of all industries in the economy by calculating the employment in each industry and dividing it by gross value-added (GVA). Data for the total number of persons employed in each industry was taken from the 2000 Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) of the National Statistics Office (NSO). Data for GVA was taken from 2000 Economic Accounts of the NSCB. 2. After getting the employment coefficients, get the employment multiplier. Employment multiplier is computed by multiplying employment coefficient with inverse matrix. This gives the individual effects of construction for each industry. If we sum up the multipliers, this somehow gives an effect of the construction industry in the economy. 3. In doing simulation, i. e. , government increases construction output by One (1) Billion, multiply the 1billion increase to each employment multiplier where the result will provide possible additional jobs in every industry creating a corresponding effect in the whole. 4. These multipliers are additional jobs aside from the existing employment in the construction. In other words, the multiplier analysis assumes that from start to finish, these additional employments were generated already, or in place. The IO multiplier analysis cannot determine whether these additional jobs happened before, during or after the construction stages. 6. Results and Discussion 6. 1 Summary of Multipliers Following the computation procedure presented above, the I-O multipliers were estimated for output, income and employment in the Philippine economy. An I-O model has the ability to identify the important sectors of an economy at a national (or even at a regional level). Key sectors are identified in term of multipliers; the higher the multiplier, the 4 stronger is the ability of the corresponding sector to create multiple impacts in the economy. The sectoral multipliers are used in the impact analysis to estimate the impacts for policy change in all 11 sectors, see Table 2 for details. Among the 11 major industries, the Manufacturing Industry yields the largest finaldemand to output multiplier of 2. 15. The Construction Industry and the Transportation, Communication and Storage Industry constitute the second and third most important output generating industries with both multipliers of around 1. 93, respectively. However, output-to-output multiplier shows that the Construction Industry yields the highest multiplier of 1. 2, which means that a one-peso change in the output of the Construction Industry generates a 1. 92 pesos worth of additional output in the economy. This is followed by Transportation, Communication and Storage and the Private Services, with multipliers of 1. 85 and 1. 70, respectively. Output-to-output multipliers can be used to measure the impact of a change in output in a particular industry on the output of the whole economy. The Private Services Industry is the most important income generating sector with the highest income multiplier of 0. 39. The second most important sector is the Construction Industry in terms of income generation which is holding an income multiplier of 0. 36. The Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry ranks third among the income generating industries with an income multiplier of 0. 33. 5 Table 2. Summary of the Multipliers: Final Demand-to-Output, Output-to-Output, Household Income, and Employment. Final OutputHousehold Total DemandOutput Income Employment Industry Description Output Multipliers Multiplier Multipliers Multipliers Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 1. 466693 1. 321942 0. 336922 0. 000001 Mining and Quarrying 1. 702768 1. 647777 0. 235379 0. 00002 Manufacturing 2. 152964 1. 340648 0. 265802 0. 000004 Construction 1. 937681 1. 923491 0. 365889 0. 000003 Electricity, Gas and Water 1. 567449 1. 431400 0. 198316 0. 000002 Transportation, Communication and Storage 1. 937634 1. 859610 0. 256182 0. 000003 Trade 1. 658849 1. 611999 0. 265008 0. 000005 Finance 1. 654636 1. 636633 0. 244516 0. 000003 Real Estate 1. 197308 1. 194264 0. 05703 0. 000004 Private Services 1. 919238 1. 701126 0. 391793 0. 000006 Government Services 1. 533628 1. 533628 0. 080845 0. 000001 6 The number of employment generated for a given unit of expenditure/output can be estimated by employment multiplier. The result shows that the Private Services Industry has the highest employment multiplier of 6Ãâ€"10-6. The second highest important sector in generating employment is the Trade (Wholesale and Retail) Industry with a multiplier of 6Ãâ€"10-5 followed by the Manufacturing and Real Estate Industries with both employment multipliers of around 6Ãâ€"10-5. 6. 2 Final Demand-to-Output Multiplier Effect The final demand-to-output multiplier is used to measure the impact of a change in final demand on the output of individual industries and the whole economy. This tells us about the additional output generated in each industry given an impact increase in the investment in each industry (impact variable). Table 3 shows the impact of a 100 million peso increase the investments in the 11 major industries. Results showed that this spending has the greatest impact in the Manufacturing Industry with an additional generated output of 215 million pesos. This is followed by the Construction Industry and the Transportation, Communication and Storage Industry with both an additional output of approximately 193 million pesos. 7 Table 3. Final Demand-to-Output Multiplier Effect for a 100 Million Investment. Industry Output Multipliers Impact Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 1. 466693 146,669,300 Mining and Quarrying 1. 702768 170,276,800 Manufacturing 2. 152964 215,296,400 Construction 1. 937681 193,768,100 Electricity, Gas and Water 1. 567449 156,744,900 Transportation, Communication and Storage 1. 937634 193,763,400 Trade 1. 658849 165,884,900 Finance 1. 654636 165,463,600 Real Estate 1. 197308 119,730,800 Private Services 1. 919238 191,923,800 Government Services 1. 533628 153,362,800 8 Table 4 shows the inverse matrices of the 11 major industries, which is the direct and indirect effect of a one-peso change in final demand for a particular industry on the output of other industries and the economy as a whole. The sums of column elements of the inverse matrix for the 11 industries are called final demand-tooutput multipliers. The Manufacturing Industry yields the largest output multiplier of 2. 15 among the 11 major industries. Of its 2. 15 multiplier, the additional output generated in the Manufacturing itself for a peso change in the final demand for Manufacturing Industry is 1. 0; an additional output of 0. 19 in the Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Industry; and an additional generated output of 0. 13 in the Trade Industry. The Construction Sector, which constitutes the second most important output generating industry, has a multiplier of 1. 93. This shows that a peso change in the final demand for the Construction Industry generates 1. 93 pesos worth of additi onal or incremental output in the economy. Moreover, of this total multiplier, a peso change in the final demand for the Construction Industry generates an additional output of 1. 00, 0. 53 and 0. 0 in the Construction, Manufacturing and in the Transportation, Communication and Storage industries, respectively. 9 Table 4. Final Demand-to-Output Impact Multipliers Code 01 02 03 04 05 06 01 1. 109499 0. 045780 0. 195436 0. 066634 0. 030540 0. 073292 02 0. 013579 1. 033373 0. 084080 0. 055157 0. 086973 0. 031180 03 0. 241695 0. 342875 1. 605913 0. 536138 0. 238312 0. 582694 04 0. 001967 0. 013762 0. 002122 1. 007377 0. 002711 0. 002136 05 0. 018788 0. 073066 0. 045204 0. 021301 1. 095046 0. 023748 06 0. 011616 0. 026676 0. 031898 0. 108802 0. 020999 1. 041957 07 0. 028925 0. 037978 0. 131903 0. 058128 0. 042323 0. 059100 08 0. 13211 0. 025827 0. 020688 0. 028335 0. 008581 0. 042086 09 0. 001723 0. 004155 0. 004100 0. 010400 0. 001524 0. 012501 10 0. 025690 0. 099276 0. 031620 0. 045409 0. 040440 0. 068940 11 Total 1. 466693 1. 702768 2. 152964 1. 937681 1. 567449 1. 937634 Source: Input-Output Accounts of the Philippines 2000, NSCB. 07 0. 058268 0. 023337 0. 313948 0. 001075 0. 016836 0. 125663 1. 029063 0. 043095 0. 009477 0. 038087 1. 658849 08 0. 034172 0. 014104 0. 235991 0. 004210 0. 029420 0. 069130 0. 023819 1. 011000 0. 037840 0. 194950 1. 654636 09 0. 009747 0. 004625 0. 069402 0. 008938 0. 005641 0. 008494 0. 007558 0. 034009 1. 002549 0. 46345 1. 197308 10 0. 091426 0. 028537 0. 491699 0. 000990 0. 049594 0. 030003 0. 053011 0. 033758 0. 012004 1. 128216 1. 919238 11 0. 039646 0. 014503 0. 240350 0. 025834 0. 023496 0. 032847 0. 026221 0. 037171 0. 011392 0. 082168 1. 000000 1. 533628 10 6. 3 Output-to-Output Multiplier Effect In many instances, the impact on the economy comes from a change in output instead of a change in final demand. In this case, an output-to-output multiplier analysis is required. This gives us information that a one-peso or one-u nit change in the industry’s output will generate pesos worth of additional/incremental output in the economy. Table 5 shows the individual and total effects of a one-peso change in the output of a particular industry. Out of the 1. 92 multiplier for the Construction, the Construction, Manufacturing and the Transportation, Communication and Storage industries generated additional outputs of 1. 0, 0. 53, and 0. 10 respectively, for every peso change in the Construction output. 11 Table 5. Output-to-Output Impact Multipliers Code 01 02 03 04 01 1. 000000 0. 044302 0. 121698 0. 066146 02 0. 012239 1. 000000 0. 052357 0. 054753 03 0. 217842 0. 331802 1. 000000 0. 532212 04 0. 001773 0. 013318 0. 001321 1. 000000 05 0. 16934 0. 070706 0. 028148 0. 021145 06 0. 010470 0. 025814 0. 019863 0. 108005 07 0. 026070 0. 036751 0. 082136 0. 057702 08 0. 011907 0. 024993 0. 012882 0. 028128 09 0. 001553 0. 004021 0. 002553 0. 010324 10 0. 023155 0. 096070 0. 019690 0. 045076 11 Total 1. 321942 1. 647777 1. 340648 1. 923491 05 0. 027889 0. 079424 0. 217627 0. 002476 1. 000000 0. 019176 0. 038650 0. 007836 0. 001392 0. 036930 1. 431400 06 0. 070341 0. 029924 0. 559230 0. 002050 0. 022792 1. 000000 0. 056720 0. 040391 0. 011998 0. 066164 1. 859610 07 0. 056622 0. 022678 0. 305081 0. 001045 0. 016361 0. 122114 1. 000000 0. 041878 0. 09209 0. 037011 1. 611999 08 0. 033800 0. 013951 0. 233423 0. 004164 0. 029100 0. 068378 0. 023560 1. 000000 0. 037428 0. 192829 1. 636633 09 0. 009722 0. 004613 0. 069226 0. 008915 0. 005627 0. 008472 0. 007539 0. 033923 1. 000000 0. 046227 1. 194264 10 0. 081036 0. 025294 0. 435820 0. 000877 0. 043958 0. 026593 0. 046987 0. 029922 0. 010640 1. 000000 1. 701126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12 6. 4 Household Income Multiplier Effect Moreover, changes in an industry’s output can impact on household income. To quantitavely determine the impact of changes in each industry’s output on household income, a household income ultiplier analysis is needed. This tells us about the additional household income in the whole economy due to a one-peso or one-unit cha nge in final demand for each industry. Table 6 shows the individual and total effect of a one-peso change in the final demand for each major industry. Private Services Industry is found to be the most important income generating sector with the highest income multiplier of 0. 39. This means that a peso increase in final demand of private services implies an increase in household income by 0. 39. For individual effects, additional household income of 0. 29, 0. 02 and 0. 4 are generated in the Private Services itself, Manufacturing, and the Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry respectively, due to a one-peso change in the final demand for Private Services. 13 Table 6. Household Income Multipliers. Code 01 02 03 04 01 0. 293397 0. 012106 0. 051681 0. 017621 02 0. 001810 0. 137770 0. 011210 0. 007354 03 0. 023844 0. 033825 0. 158427 0. 052891 04 0. 000478 0. 003347 0. 000516 0. 244972 05 0. 002275 0. 008849 0. 005475 0. 002580 06 0. 001532 0. 003519 0. 004207 0. 014351 07 0. 005075 0. 0066 64 0. 023145 0. 010200 08 0. 001846 0. 003608 0. 002890 0. 003959 09 0. 000043 0. 000104 0. 000102 0. 00259 10 0. 006621 0. 025587 0. 008150 0. 011704 11 Total 0. 336922 0. 235379 0. 265802 0. 365889 05 0. 008076 0. 011595 0. 023510 0. 000659 0. 132620 0. 002770 0. 007426 0. 001199 0. 000038 0. 010423 0. 198316 06 0. 019381 0. 004157 0. 057484 0. 000519 0. 002876 0. 137434 0. 010370 0. 005880 0. 000312 0. 017768 0. 256182 07 0. 015408 0. 003111 0. 030972 0. 000261 0. 002039 0. 016575 0. 180568 0. 006021 0. 000236 0. 009816 0. 265008 08 0. 009036 0. 001880 0. 023281 0. 001024 0. 003563 0. 009118 0. 004179 0. 141245 0. 000943 0. 050246 0. 244516 09 0. 002578 0. 000617 0. 006847 0. 002174 0. 000683 0. 001120 0. 001326 0. 04751 0. 024990 0. 011945 0. 057030 10 0. 024177 0. 003805 0. 048507 0. 000241 0. 006006 0. 003957 0. 009302 0. 004716 0. 000299 0. 290783 0. 391793 11 0. 010484 0. 001934 0. 023711 0. 006282 0. 002846 0. 004333 0. 004601 0. 005193 0. 000284 0. 021178 0. 080845 14 6. 5 Employment Multiplier Effect Changes in every industry’s output can impact on employment. To quantitavely determine the impact changes of output in an industry on employment, an employment multiplier analysis is done. This shows us the additional/incremental employment in the whole economy due to a one-peso or one-unit change in each industry’s output. Given a 100 Billion peso increase in the investment, the number of additional employment generated can be estimated by employment multiplier. The result shows that the Private Services Industry has the highest employment multiplier effect of 572, 637 additional employment in the whole economy due to a 100 billion change in the final demand for Private Services. The second highest important sector in generating employment is the Trade (Wholesale and Retail) Industry with a multiplier effect of 504, 821 followed by the Manufacturing Industry with additional employment of 430, 785. 15 Code 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Total Table 7. Employment Multiplier Effect Due to a 100 Billion Investment. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 35,541 1,467 6,261 2,135 978 2,348 1,867 1,108 84,309 6,860 4,500 7,096 2,544 1,904 51,498 73,057 342,175 114,236 50,778 124,156 66,894 194 1,359 209 99,452 268 211 106 1,553 6,039 3,736 1,761 90,508 1,963 1,392 1,758 4,036 4,826 16,463 3,177 157,656 19,014 10,921 14,338 49,800 21,946 15,979 22,313 388,519 2,324 4,542 3,639 4,983 1,509 7,402 7,579 589 1,420 1,401 3,554 521 4,273 3,239 9,651 37,294 11,878 17,058 15,192 25,898 14,308 115,136 227,861 430,785 286,088 186,005 348,762 504,821 08 1,095 1,151 50,283 416 2,432 10,460 8,993 177,811 12,933 73,234 338,807 9 312 377 14,788 882 466 1,285 2,853 5,981 342,644 17,410 387,000 10 2,929 2,328 104,767 98 4,099 4,540 20,014 5,937 4,103 423,823 572,637 11 1,270 1,183 51,212 2,550 1,942 4,970 9,900 6,538 3,893 30,867 114,325 16 7. Conclusion and Recommendation This paper quantified the multipliers of the 11 major industries for the Philippine economy using in put-output technique. As the economic importance of the 11 major industries is growing among the policy makers and researchers, this study applied input-output technique to determine multipliers that will measure the significance of these industries in generating output, income and employment. The obtained multipliers showed that among major industries, the Manufacturing Industry showed the highest output multiplier; Construction Industry yielded the highest output-to-output multiplier; and Private Services Industry is found to have the highest income and employment multipliers. The results of the study will still have to be evaluated when the NSCB will release the latest I-O table. 8. Future Directions Since the study utilized a competitive type of I-O table wherein each cell element does not explicitly distinguish the domesticallyproduced from the imported, the study is bound to construct a noncompetitive or domestic type of IO table wherein the import content of each I-O transaction is netted out. After which, the Leontief inverse matrix will be re-estimated which will be used to calculate domestic multipliers for the major industries. This is important in order to be able to quantify correctly the impact of final demand on the various economic variables. 9. Appendices 9. Input-Output Analysis There are a number of methodologies developed to determine the multipliers. The most widely used approach is the input-output technique. The major strength of the input-output analysis is that it provides detailed information on the direct and indirect effects of spending on all economic measures for different industries in the 17 local economy (Loomis and Walsh, 1997). Th erefore, in order to satisfy the aforementioned objectives, the methodology employed in this paper in based on Leontief input-output techniques where structure of an economy is analyzed in terms of inter-relationships between economic sectors (e. . Miller and Blair, 1985). The inputoutput technique of a particular economy represents the flow of goods and services among its different industries for a particular time period. In the framework of the input-output technique, the relationships between economic sectors can be described in a system of linear equations where total output produced by each sector is either consumed as an intermediate input by other sector, or, sometimes internally by the producing sector itself, or, by the final demand sector, or both. The presentation of the flow of goods and services could be expressed either by physical units or in money terms. To define, let there be an economy with n-producing sectors and a final demand sector. Total output of sector i will be: Supply = Demand n Qi = ? qij + Fi j =1 (1) where Qi = gross output of industry i; qij = the sales of industry i to industry j; Fi = the final demand vector; i = 1, †¦, n. Let ij be the technical (input) coefficient which represents the amount (value) of sector i’s output needed to produce one unit (one peso) of sector j’s output; thus using the assumption of constant production coefficient, we get: a aij = qij Qi or qij = aij Q j This means that the total value of purchases of goods and services by sector j from sector i is aij Q j . Therefore, for a given target of final demand on goods and services, F, this relation defines how much each producing industry must produce in order to satisfy a particular bundle of final demand on goods and services, i. e. , Equation (1) in reduced matrix form can be written as: 18 Q = AQ + F Solving the Equation (2) can be found as: (2) (3) Q = [I ? A] F ? and [I ? A] is the total requirement matrix or mostly known as Leontief inverse matrix. ? In equation (3), Q is the output vector; I is an identity matrix The general solution of Equation (3) determines how much each industry of the economy must produce in order to satisfy a given level of final demand. It is mandatory that [I ? A] should be a equal to zero to have a unique solution in the form of [I ? A] . When ? non-singular matrix meaning that the determinant of [I ? A] does not the Leontief inverse matrix is assumed to be [I ? A]? = Z, then zij ’s stand for the elements of the Leontief inverse matrix. Each element of the Leontief inverse matrix shows the direct and indirect requirements of output sector i per unit of final demand. . 2 Output Multiplier The final demand-to-output multiplier is used to measure the impact of a change in final demand on the output of individual industries and the whole economy. This will tell us about the additional output generated in each industry given an impact increase in the investment in each industry (impact variable). An output multiplier for sector j is defined as the total value of pr oduction in all sectors of the economy that is necessary in order to satisfy a peso’s worth of final demand for sector j’s output. For the simple output multiplier, this total production is the direct and indirect output effect, obtained from a model in which households are exogenous. The initial output effect on the economy is defined to be simply the initial peso’s worth of sector j output needed to satisfy the additional final demand. Then formally, the output multiplier is the ratio of the direct and indirect effect to the initial effect alone. 19 The output multiplier measures the sum of direct and indirect output requirements from all sectors needed to deliver one additional peso of output of i industry to final demand. It is derived by summing the zij ’s or the entries in the column under industry i in the Leontief inverse matrix tables. Although the output multiplier represents total requirements per unit of final output, it is not particularly useful concept except as indicator of the degree of structural interdependence between each sector and the rest of the economy. In economic impact studies we are more usually concerned with income or employment generating effects, and these require income or employment multipliers. 9. 3 Income Multiplier Changes in an ndustry’s output can impact on household income. To quantitatively determine the impact of changes in each industry’s output on household income, a household income multiplier analysis is needed. This tells us about the additional household income in the whole economy due to a one-peso or one-unit change in final demand for each industry. The income multiplier is obtained by multiplying the row vector of income coefficient s, say e with the zij ’s, which are entries in the column under industry i in the Leontief inverse matrix tables. Row vector of income coefficients or e are referred to as salaries and wages (compensation) for each industry divided by the corresponding output. This gives us the following equation for income multiplier: ? ? I = e[I ? A] 9. 4 Employment Multiplier ? ?1 (4) Impact analyses are frequently preoccupied with employmentcreating effects of industrial expansion, because policymakers may be primarily and legitimately concerned in forecasting jobs in a particular area. For this reason, it is often useful to be able to derive not only income multipliers from an I-O model, but as well as employment multipliers. 20 The following method was used to estimate employment multipliers. The employment coefficients, l , defined as employment per million pesos of outputs, was multiplied by the zij ’s, which are entries in the column under industry i in the Leontief inverse matrix tables, in order to obtain the multiplier. Mathematically, employment multi ? plier is expressed as follows: L = l [I ? A] 10. References ? ?1 (5) Miller, Ronald E. and Blair, Peter D. Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. Englewoods Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall 1985. Thijs Ten Raa. The Economics of Input-Output Analysis. Cambridge University Press 2005. National Statistical Coordination Board. The 2000 Input-Output Accounts of the Philippines. Economics Statistics Office 2000. National Statistics Office. 2000 Census of Philippine Business and Industry. Presentation Material of Dr. Cid L. Terosa, UA&P Professor. 21